據(jù)油氣新聞網(wǎng)9月12日?qǐng)?bào)道，國(guó)際能源署（IEA）在一份新報(bào)告中表示，全球能源部門的就業(yè)人數(shù)已超過(guò)疫情前的水平，主要是清潔能源領(lǐng)域的就業(yè)人數(shù)增加。該報(bào)告提供了首個(gè)全球能源行業(yè)就業(yè)基準(zhǔn)。

《世界能源就業(yè)報(bào)告》創(chuàng)刊號(hào)將按技術(shù)和價(jià)值鏈劃分能源部門就業(yè)情況。該報(bào)告為政策制定者和行業(yè)決策者提供了豐富的數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)，以了解地緣政治沖突后清潔能源轉(zhuǎn)型和能源供應(yīng)鏈變化對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的影響。

全球能源就業(yè)數(shù)量已從疫情造成的中斷中恢復(fù)，超過(guò)了大流行前的6500多萬(wàn)人，約占總勞動(dòng)力的2%。這一增長(zhǎng)是由清潔能源部門的招聘推動(dòng)的。與此同時(shí)，石油和天然氣行業(yè)在疫情開(kāi)始時(shí)出現(xiàn)了一些最大的就業(yè)降幅，目前尚未完全恢復(fù)。

隨著最近的復(fù)蘇，清潔能源在總能源就業(yè)中所占的比例超過(guò)了50%，近三分之二的工人參與了新項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)和清潔能源技術(shù)的制造。與此同時(shí)，隨著新項(xiàng)目的開(kāi)發(fā)，尤其是新的液化天然氣基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，石油和天然氣行業(yè)的就業(yè)人數(shù)也在上升。

能源行業(yè)將在2022年實(shí)現(xiàn)近年來(lái)最快的就業(yè)增長(zhǎng)，然而，高投入成本和通脹壓力正在增加一些地區(qū)和子行業(yè)（如太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、石油和天然氣）的招聘和供應(yīng)鏈挑戰(zhàn)。對(duì)疫情和地緣政治沖突的政策回應(yīng)，包括美國(guó)的《通貨膨脹削減法案》，將繼續(xù)增加新的招聘需求，并改變?nèi)蚰茉垂?yīng)鏈的現(xiàn)狀。

本報(bào)告中統(tǒng)計(jì)的能源工作跨越價(jià)值鏈，大約三分之一的工人從事能源燃料供應(yīng)（煤炭、石油、天然氣和生物能源），三分之一從事電力行業(yè)（發(fā)電、輸電、配電和存儲(chǔ)），還有三分之一從事在關(guān)鍵能源最終用途（車輛制造和能源效率）。 一半以上的能源就業(yè)在亞太地區(qū)。

這反映出該地區(qū)能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的迅速擴(kuò)建，以及獲得低成本勞動(dòng)力的途徑，這些都使得服務(wù)于當(dāng)?shù)睾统隹谑袌?chǎng)的制造業(yè)中心得以出現(xiàn)，尤其是太陽(yáng)能、電動(dòng)汽車和電池。

在國(guó)際能源署的所有設(shè)想中，清潔能源就業(yè)崗位都將增長(zhǎng)，超過(guò)化石燃料就業(yè)崗位的下降。2050年零排放設(shè)想下，到2030年將新增1400萬(wàn)個(gè)清潔能源就業(yè)崗位，另有1600萬(wàn)工人將從事與清潔能源相關(guān)的新工作。新能源工作可能并不總是在同一地點(diǎn)，也不需要與所替代的工作相同的技能，這就要求決策者將重點(diǎn)放在工作培訓(xùn)和能力建設(shè)上，以確保能源轉(zhuǎn)型使盡可能多的人受益。

國(guó)際能源署執(zhí)行主任法提赫·比羅爾表示，世界各國(guó)對(duì)當(dāng)前危機(jī)的反應(yīng)是尋求加速本國(guó)清潔能源產(chǎn)業(yè)的增長(zhǎng)。采取這一措施的地區(qū)將看到就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的大幅增長(zhǎng)。抓住這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)需要熟練的工人。政府、公司、勞工代表和教育工作者必須齊心協(xié)力，制定培養(yǎng)這種勞動(dòng)力所需的計(jì)劃和認(rèn)證，并確保創(chuàng)造的工作是可以吸引多元化勞動(dòng)力的優(yōu)質(zhì)工作。

全球能源行業(yè)約45%的工人從事高技能職業(yè)，而在更廣泛的經(jīng)濟(jì)體中，這一比例約為25%。一些化石燃料公司正在內(nèi)部對(duì)工人進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn)，以適應(yīng)低碳領(lǐng)域的職位，以保留人才或在需要時(shí)保持靈活性。然而，這并不是在所有地方都可行，確保受影響工人以人為本、公正過(guò)渡必須繼續(xù)成為政策制定者的重點(diǎn)，尤其是在就業(yè)數(shù)年來(lái)持續(xù)下降的煤炭行業(yè)。

郝芬 譯自 油氣新聞網(wǎng)

原文如下：

Clean energy jobs surpass pre-pandemic levels:IEA

Global employment in the energy sector has risen above its pre-pandemic levels, led by increased hiring in clean energy, said the International Energy Agency (IEA) in a new report that offers the first worldwide benchmark for employment across energy industries.

The inaugural edition of the World Energy Employment Report, which will be published annually, maps energy sector employment by technology and value chain segment. The report provides a data-rich foundation for policy makers and industry decision makers to understand the labour-related impacts of clean energy transitions and shifts in energy supply chains following the war.

The amount of energy jobs worldwide has recovered from disruptions due to Covid-19, increasing above its pre-pandemic level of over 65 million people, or around 2% of the total labour force. The growth has been driven by hiring in clean energy sectors. The oil and gas sector, meanwhile, saw some of the largest declines in employment at the start of the pandemic and has yet to fully recover.

With the recent rebound, clean energy surpassed the 50% mark for its share of total energy employment, with nearly two-thirds of workers involved in building new projects and manufacturing clean energy technologies. At the same time, the oil and gas sector is also experiencing an upswing in employment, with new projects under development, notably new liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure.

The energy sector is set to see its fastest employment growth in recent years in 2022, however high input costs and inflationary pressures are adding to hiring and supply chain challenges already present in some regions and subsectors, such as solar, wind, oil, and gas. Policy responses to the pandemic and the war, including the US Inflation Reduction Act, will continue to add to new hiring demand and to shifting the status-quo of global energy supply chains.

Energy jobs counted in this report span the value chain, with around a third of workers in energy fuel supply (coal, oil, gas and bioenergy), a third in the power sector (generation, transmission, distribution and storage), and a third in key energy end uses (vehicle manufacturing and energy efficiency). More than half of energy employment is in the Asia-Pacific region.

This reflects rapidly expanding energy infrastructure in the region and access to lower-cost labour that has enabled the emergence of manufacturing hubs that serve both local and export markets, notably for solar, electric vehicles and batteries. 

In all IEA scenarios, clean energy employment is set to grow, outweighing declines in fossil fuels jobs. In the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, 14 million new clean energy jobs are created by 2030, while another 16 million workers switch to new roles related to clean energy. New energy jobs may not always be in the same location nor require the same skills as the jobs they replace, requiring policy makers to focus on job training and capacity building to ensure that energy transitions benefit as many people as possible.

“Countries around the world are responding to the current crisis by seeking to accelerate the growth of homegrown clean energy industries. The regions that make this move will see huge growth in jobs,” said IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol.

“Seizing this opportunity requires skilled workers. Governments, companies, labour representatives and educators must come together to develop the programmes and accreditations needed to cultivate this workforce and ensure the jobs created are quality jobs that can attract a diverse workforce.”

Around 45% of the world’s energy workers are in high-skilled occupations, compared with about 25% for the wider economy. Some fossil fuel companies are retraining workers internally for positions in low-carbon areas to retain talent or to maintain flexibility as needs arise. However, this is not an option everywhere, and ensuring a people-centred and just transition for affected workers must remain a focus for policy makers, especially in the coal sector where employment has been declining consistently for several years.